The keytab file is an encrypted, local, on-disk copy of the host's key. The keytab file, like the stash file (Create the Database) is a potential point-of-entry for a break-in, and if compromised, would allow unrestricted access to its host. The keytab file should be readable only by root, and should exist only on the machine's local disk. If you want to associate a file with a new program (e.g. My-file.KEYTAB) you have two ways to do it. The first and the easiest one is to right-click on the selected KEYTAB file. From the drop-down menu select 'Choose default program', then click 'Browse' and find the desired program.
Background
As well as storing user accounts and their passwords, the Kerberos servers (KDCs) store accounts and keys (similar to passwords) for systems. Those accounts and keys are used as part of the authentication process to verify which user is connecting to a network service. These accounts are generally called service principals.
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Every network service to which a user may authenticate needs to have a service principal with a corresponding key. The network service has to have a copy of that key on the system so that it can verify a user's identity. That key is stored in a specially formatted file called a keytab. One keytab file can store multiple keys, either multiple keys for the same service principal or even keys for several different service principals. On a UNIX system, you can view the contents of a keytab with the
klist -k
command.Applications that need to authenticate to network services on an automated basis also need to have service principals and keys in a keytab. For example, any process that writes into a protected directory in AFS needs to have a service principal that it can use to authenticate to AFS.
Due to how Kerberos works, a network service needs to have a separate key for every type of encryption that it supports. We currently support 256-bit AES encryption (the strongest and most modern, but not universally supported yet), triple-DES, and (for legacy compatibility, which will be phased out) DES. Most service principals will therefore have three keys, one for each type of encryption. Kerberos automatically selects the strongest key supported by both the client and server, so normally you don't have to worry about this implementation detail.
To recap, a service principal is an account, an identity, stored in Kerberos for a particular application. That service principal has one or more keys, similar to passwords. Those keys are stored on the server on which the service runs in a file called a keytab, which you can view with the
klist -k
command.Types of service principals
There are two basic types of service principals in use at Stanford. The first set are called the 'host-based' service principals, meaning that they're tied to a network service running on a particular host. Principals of this type will always have a name like:
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where type specifies the type of service and system is the system on which that service is running. The most commonly used service types are:
host/*
— remote logins via SSH, rlogin, or rsh, and verification of local loginswebauth/*
— WebAuth authentication for web servers
To allow remote login to a system using Kerberos authentication, that system must have a host/* service principal. That principal is also used to verify local logins (to the console, for example) if it exists. The keytab for that service principal must be installed locally in the path expected by the login servers (usually /etc/krb5.keytab).
To use WebAuth, the web server must have a webauth/* service principal and its keytab must be installed in the location set in the WebAuth configuration.
Host-based principals should not be shared and should not be reused. Each host providing a service should have a separate host-based principal for that service, and if that host is replaced by another with a new name, a new host-based principal should be obtained. Specifically, even if a set of web servers are part of a pool that uses WebAuth to serve one site, each server should have a separate host-based WebAuth principal and not share the same one. The principal name is independent of the URL of the web site being served and should match the system's primary name in NetDB.
Other supported but less-often-used services are:
HTTP/*
— HTTP Negotiate-Authafpserver/*
— Mac OS file sharingcifs/*
— CIFS (primarily Windows file sharing)ftp/*
— FTP file transferimap/*
— IMAP mail accessldap/*
— LDAP directorieslpr/*
— printingnfs/*
— NFSv3 and later file servicespop/*
— POP mail accesssieve/*
— Sieve mail filter editing on Cyrus IMAPsmtp/*
— authenticated SMTPxmpp/*
— Jabber
In order to use Kerberos authentication with the corresponding network service, you must have the appropriate service principal and install the keytab in a location used by that network service.
The second type of service principal is a principal used by an application to authenticate to other network services. The most common network services to which automated processes want to authenticate is the campus LDAP directory service and campus-wide AFS file system, but some applications may need access to other services as well. These types of service principals are associated with an application rather than a particular system and would move to a different system if that application were moved. At Stanford, these principals are named:
where application is some concise but meaningful designator for the application that will use this service principal.
Creating service principals
Stanford uses a system called the wallet for managing nearly all service principals and setting permissions on those principals so that campus system administrators can download and install keytabs for the appropriate service principals. For information about that process, see Downloading Keytabs with the Wallet.
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Content |
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Objective
To add a host or service principal to a keytab using MIT Kerberos
Background
A keytab is a file used to store the encryption keys for one or more Kerberos principals (usually host and/or service principals). Given one of these keys it is possible to obtain a ticket-granting ticket, so having an encryption key can be equated to having a password. Whenever a host or service principal is created it is normal practice to add it to a keytab.
Kerberos hosts usually have a default keytab with the pathname
/etc/krb5.keytab
. The host principal should be added to this keytab, but it is not necessarily suitable for use with service principals. The reason is that /etc/krb5.keytab
should be readable only by root, whereas on modern systems it is common for network services to execute as a non-root user. The only secure solution to this issue is to have multiple keytabs, each owned by the user that needs access to it.Scenario
Suppose you wish to allow authentication to the web site
http://www.example.com/
using Kerberos. You have created a service principal called HTTP/[email protected]
for this purpose, and now need to add it to a keytab.The web site is served using Apache running as the user
www-data
. The default keytab cannot therefore be used, and you have chosen to create a separate one for use by Apache at the pathname /etc/apache2/http.keytab
.Prerequisites
The method described here assumes that you already have:
- a Kerberos realm with an admin server and at least one KDC (Key Distribution Centre);
- the host or service principal that is to be added to the keytab; and
- an admin principal with at least the
get
andchange-password
capabilities (i
andc
inkadm5.acl
) in respect of the host or service principal to be added.
It is not necessary for the keytab file to exist beforehand because it will be created if necessary.
To create a service principal see the microHOWTO Create a service principal using MIT Kerberos.
Method
A host or service principal can be added to a new or existing keytab using the
ktadd
command of kadmin
:The
-q
option specifies a kadmin
command to be executed, in this case ktadd
.The
-k
option of ktadd
specifies the pathname of the keytab to which the host or service principal is to be added. If the absence of this option the default keytab at /etc/krb5.keytab
is used instead. If the specified keytab does not exist then it will be created.By default
kadmin
appends /admin
to your default principal or username and attempts to authenticate to the admin server using that. You can specify an alternative admin principal using the -p
option if required.You do not need to be
root
to run kadmin
, however if you are not root then it will probably not be on your path. A common location for the executable is /usr/sbin/kadmin
.It is often convenient to run
kadmin
on the machine for which the keytab is needed, however you should do this only if you are willing to trust that machine with administrative rights to the realm as a whole. Otherwise, choose a machine that you do trust (such as the KDC). If you transfer a keytab from one machine to another then you should use a secure method such as scp
.On Debian-based systems
kadmin
is provided by the krb5-user
package, whereas on Red Hat-based systems it is provided by the krb5-workstation
package.Testing
List the content of the keytab
You can list the content of a keytab using the
ktutil
command:This will start an interpreter to which the following two commands should be issued:
How To Generate Keytab File For Mac Computer
If the keytab exists and the host or service principal has been correctly added to it then you should see output similar to the following:
Send an EOT character (control-D) to exit from
ktutil
.Obtain a ticket-granting ticket using the keytab
You can check that the keytab contains the appropriate encryption key by attempting to use it to obtain a ticket-granting ticket. This can be done using the
kinit
command:How To Generate Keytab File For Mac Pro
If the keytab exists and the host or service principal has been correctly added to it then
kinit
should return immediately, without requesting a password and without printing a message. You can verify that a ticket-granting ticket was obtained using klist
, which should product output similar to the following:![File File](https://dmacnet.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/kerberos-connection.gif?w=450&h=187)
Once you are satisfied that the keytab is working you should destroy the ticket using the
kdestroy
command.Note
The act of creating a keytab has the side effect of setting a new encryption key for the host or service principal. This will cause any keytab that may previously have been created for that host or service principal to be invalidated. You can check whether a keytab entry has been superseded in this way by comparing the Key Version Number (KVNO) within the keytab with that considered current by the KDC.
How To Generate Keytab File For Mac Pdf
You should not normally need more than one keytab for any given host or service principal, however this can be a requirement for some types of clustering. In that case the appropriate procedure is to create the keytab once using
kadmin
then distribute copies to any other machines that need one.See also
Further reading
How To Generate Keytab File In Windows
- Kerberos V5 System Administrator's Guide, version 1.10, MIT, 2012
- kadmin (Ubuntu manpage)
What Is A Keytab File
Tags:kerberos